When it comes to outdoor activities, few things can ruin an adventure faster than wet feet. Whether you're hiking through misty mountains, navigating urban puddles, or braving a sudden downpour, waterproof shoes are your first line of defense against the elements. But have you ever wondered how these shoes manage to keep water out while letting your feet breathe?
Water Resistant Vs Waterproof Shoes
Waterproofing & Water Resistance can often be used interchangeably in casual conversation, but they represent significant differences in performance and functionality.
Waterproof shoes are designed to provide a complete barrier against water penetration under normal use conditions. These shoes can typically withstand submersion in water up to a certain depth for a specified period without allowing moisture to seep inside. To achieve this level of protection, waterproof shoes often employ a combination of specialized materials, waterproof membranes, and sealed seams.
This makes them ideal for activities in wet conditions or scenarios where prolonged exposure to water is expected, such as hiking through streams or working in rainy environments.
On the other hand, water-resistant shoes offer a lower level of protection against moisture. These shoes are designed to repel water to some extent, effectively handling light rain or brief exposure to wet conditions. However, they may not withstand heavy rain or submersion without eventually allowing water to penetrate.
Water-resistant shoes often utilize water-repellent coatings or materials that slow down water penetration rather than completely preventing it. This type of footwear is generally suitable for everyday use or light outdoor activities where occasional contact with water is expected.
How Does Waterproofing Work for Shoes?
There are a few popular ways of waterproofing; some permanent, others less so. There are also a few manufacturers that work on patented waterproofing technologies. The more popular ones are;
Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coating: The first line of defense in waterproof footwear is often a water-repellent outer layer. This is typically achieved through the application of a Durable Water Repellent (DWR) coating to the shoe's exterior materials. DWR treatments create a hydrophobic surface that causes water to bead up and roll off rather than being absorbed into the fabric. This principle works by increasing the surface tension between the water droplets and the shoe material.
Waterproof Breathable Membranes: The core component of waterproof shoe is the waterproof membrane. Think of it as an incredibly thin, high-tech sock inside your shoe. These membranes, such as Gore-Tex® or eVent®, have tiny holes - so small you can't see them without a powerful microscope. These holes are big enough to let air and water vapor (like the moisture from your sweat) escape, but too small for liquid water to get through. This size differential allows the membrane to be both waterproof and breathable, a crucial feature for comfort.
Sealed Seams: Even with a waterproof membrane, water could potentially enter through the tiny gaps where different parts of the shoe are stitched together. To prevent this, manufacturers use seam-sealing techniques. This usually involves applying waterproof tape or sealant along the seams on the inside of the shoe, creating a continuous waterproof barrier.
Gusseted Tongues: The tongue of a shoe (the part that sits under the laces) can be another weak point for water entry. In many waterproof shoes, the tongue is attached to the sides of the shoe opening, not just at the bottom. This creates a little protective "tunnel" that goes up higher on your foot, making it harder for water to splash in from the top.
Hydrophobic Materials: Some shoes achieve water resistance through inherently hydrophobic materials. For example, full-grain leather can be highly water-resistant when properly treated. The term "hydrophobic" literally means "water-fearing," indicating that these materials naturally repel water.
Multi-Layer Construction: Waterproof shoes often have several layers, each with a specific job:
- Outer Layer: Typically made of leather, synthetic materials, or fabric treated with DWR.
- Waterproof Membrane: The key waterproofing element.
- Protective Layer: Often a mesh or fabric layer to protect the delicate membrane.
- Inner Lining: The comfortable lining you feel against your foot, which also helps move sweat away from your skin.
Moisture Vapor Transmission: While blocking water from entering, these membranes allow moisture vapor to escape through a process called diffusion. This occurs because of the difference in humidity between the inside and outside of the shoe. Water vapor molecules move from areas of high concentration (inside the shoe) to areas of low concentration (outside), passing through the membrane's pores.
Hydrostatic Head: This term refers to the amount of water pressure a fabric can withstand before water seeps through. When you step in a puddle, the water pushes against your shoe with force. The tiny holes in the waterproof membrane are designed to withstand this pressure, keeping water out even when you're splashing around.
Dynamic Water Repellency: Advanced waterproofing technologies are now exploring dynamic water repellency. This refers to materials whose molecular structure can actually change in response to different conditions, providing optimal performance in various environments.
Popular Waterproofing Technologies
Gore-Tex®: Gore-Tex®, perhaps the most well-known waterproofing technology, uses an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane. This membrane contains over 9 billion microscopic pores per square inch. These pores are approximately 20,000 times smaller than a water droplet but 700 times larger than a water vapor molecule. This ingenious design allows Gore-Tex to repel liquid water while permitting water vapor (sweat) to escape, providing both waterproofing and breathability.
The Gore-Tex membrane is typically sandwiched between a durable outer fabric and a softer inner lining. In addition to the membrane itself, Gore-Tex footwear utilizes sealed seams and water-resistant treatments on the outer materials to enhance overall water protection.
Sympatex®: Sympatex® stands out from many other waterproofing technologies due to its unique composition. Instead of using a microporous structure, Sympatex® is a hydrophilic (water-loving), non-porous membrane. It works on a molecular level, where water vapor molecules are absorbed by the membrane on the inside of the shoe, transported through it, and then evaporated on the outside.
One of the key advantages of Sympatex® is its environmental friendliness. The membrane is 100% recyclable and free from PTFE and PFC, making it a popular choice for eco-conscious brands and consumers.
eVent®: Similar to Gore-Tex®, eVent® also uses an ePTFE membrane. However, eVent®'s technology employs a unique structure called Direct Venting™. This allows sweat vapor to pass through the membrane more directly, potentially offering enhanced breathability compared to other membrane technologies.
The eVent® membrane doesn't require a polyurethane layer, which some other technologies use to protect the ePTFE. This direct structure is what gives it an edge in moisture vapor transmission, potentially keeping feet drier during high-exertion activities.
OutDry™: OutDry™ is a waterproofing technology developed by Columbia Sportswear. It takes a unique approach to waterproofing by bonding a waterproof membrane directly to the outer shell of the shoe. This eliminates the space between the outer fabric and the membrane where water can accumulate.
The advantages of OutDry™ include potential weight reduction and improved breathability compared to traditional bootie constructions.
M-Select Dry: M-Select Dry is Merrell's proprietary waterproof technology. This technology combines a waterproof membrane with sealed seams to keep water out while allowing moisture to escape. It's often used in conjunction with antimicrobial agents that help control odor in the shoes.
One of the key features of this technology is its focus on maintaining performance over time, with claims of long-lasting waterproofing even after extended use and flexing of the footwear.
DryVent™: This is a multi-layer waterproof technology. It typically consists of a DWR (Durable Water Repellent) treated outer layer, a waterproof-breathable mid-layer, and an inner layer to protect the membrane and provide next-to-skin comfort.
The membrane is engineered with micropores that allow water vapor to pass through while blocking liquid water. The technology is designed to maintain its waterproofing properties even after repeated washing and wear.
KEEN.DRY: KEEN.DRY is a proprietary waterproof, breathable membrane developed by KEEN. It's designed to allow water vapor to escape from inside the shoe while preventing external water from entering. It consists of a membrane that acts like an ultra-thin "bootie," sealing out water while allowing moisture vapor to escape. This internal system is complemented by a PFAS-free water repellent treatment on the outer materials, causing rain to bead off the surface. The combination of the internal membrane and external water repellency provides comprehensive protection against water ingress while maintaining breathability.
KEEN.DRY's advantage lies in its eco-friendly approach to waterproofing, using PFAS-free materials to achieve water resistance without harmful chemicals.
TIMBERDRY™: TimberDry™ is Timberland's proprietary waterproofing technology. This waterproof membrane technology is designed to keep feet dry in wet conditions. It uses a breathable membrane that allows moisture vapor to escape while preventing water from entering the shoe.
The advantage of TIMBERDRY™ is its balance of waterproofing and breathability, suitable for various outdoor activities.
ClimaSalomon™: This is a proprietary waterproofing technology consisting of a waterproof, breathable membrane designed to keep water out while allowing moisture vapor to escape. The technology is often combined with sealed seams and water-resistant upper materials for comprehensive protection.
ClimaSalomon™ is engineered to maintain its waterproofing properties even during high-intensity activities, making it particularly suitable for athletic and outdoor footwear.
X-Stream Waterproof™: X-Stream Waterproof™ is used by Thorogood. X-Stream Waterproof™ is a waterproofing technology that uses a breathable membrane to keep water out while allowing moisture to escape. This technology is often combined with sealed seams and water-resistant upper materials to provide comprehensive protection.
X-Stream Waterproof™ is designed to maintain its effectiveness even during active use, making it suitable for a range of outdoor activities. Its advantage lies in balancing waterproof protection with breathability to ensure comfort during extended wear.
Dri-Tec: Dri-Tec is Hi-Tec's waterproofing technology used in their hiking and outdoor footwear. This is a membrane-based waterproofing system designed to keep feet dry in wet conditions while allowing perspiration to escape. It's often used with other technologies, such as specialized insoles, to provide foot comfort and waterproofing.
The advantage of Dri-Tec is its ability to balance waterproofing with breathability, making it suitable for a wide range of outdoor activities.
Hydro-Guard: This waterproofing technology typically involves a waterproof membrane combined with sealed seams and water-resistant materials. The technology is designed to provide long-lasting waterproof protection while maintaining breathability.
Its advantage lies in its durability and ability to withstand harsh conditions, making it particularly suitable for rugged outdoor use.
AquaProtect: AquaProtect® is Pajar's proprietary waterproofing technology. This technology focuses on treating the leather itself rather than relying solely on a membrane. The process involves a special tanning of the leather that makes it inherently water-resistant. This is often combined with a waterproof membrane for added protection.
The advantage of this approach is that it maintains the natural properties of leather, such as breathability and flexibility, while adding significant water resistance.
Dry-Plus: Dry-Plus is a seam-sealed, waterproof-breathable membrane designed to keep water out while allowing internal moisture to escape. It's often combined with other technologies for enhanced performance in wet conditions.
The advantage of Dry-Plus is its versatility, performing well in a variety of weather conditions and activities.
HydroShield: Hydroshield is Rockport's waterproofing technology. This technology typically involves a waterproof membrane combined with sealed seams to provide protection against water ingress.
Its advantage is in its comprehensive approach to waterproofing, addressing potential weak points in footwear construction to ensure consistent performance.
PC Dry: PC Dry is Wolverine's waterproof technology. This waterproof membrane technology is often used in work boots. It's designed to provide waterproof protection while still allowing feet to breathe, making it suitable for long days in wet conditions.
The key advantage of PC Dry is its ability to maintain comfort during extended wear, which is crucial for work environments.
Waterproof Hiking Shoes
Targhee III Waterproof Hiking Boot by KEEN
A versatile companion for all terrains, KEEN's Targhee III features KEEN.DRY technology for waterproof protection. With its all-terrain rubber outsole and supportive design, this shoe offers excellent traction and comfort for long hikes in various conditions.
Xpedition III Waterproof Hiking Boot by ECCO
The Xpedition III by ECCO is a rugged waterproof hiking boot that utilizes HYDROMAX technology. It features a durable yak leather upper and a RECEPTOR LITE outsole for stability and grip. The boot is designed for challenging terrains and long-distance hiking.
Zamberlan Tofane NW GTX Hiking Boot
Zamberlan's Tofane NW GTX hiking boots are crafted with premium full-grain leather and feature a GORE-TEX lining for superior waterproofing and breathability. These boots are ideal for extended treks, offering durability and comfort in harsh environments.
Waterproof Running Shoes
Cloud 5 Waterproof Running Shoe by On
Designed for urban runners braving wet conditions, On's Cloud 5 Waterproof running shoe combines lightweight construction with effective waterproofing. Its signature CloudTec sole ensures cushioning, while sealed seams keep feet dry during rainy runs.
Speedgoat 5 GTX by Hoka One One
Trail runners seeking maximum protection will appreciate Hoka's Speedgoat 5 GTX. Featuring Gore-Tex waterproofing and a Vibram Megagrip outsole, this shoe offers superior cushioning and traction for long-distance trail running in wet environments.
Cloudwander Waterproof by On Running
Versatility is key with the Cloudwander Waterproof by On, suitable for both city streets and light trails. It incorporates On's CloudTec cushioning with a waterproof membrane, offering all-weather protection and comfort.
Waterproof Casual Shoes
ECCO Soft 7 GTX
The Soft 7 GTX by ECCO is a stylish, waterproof sneaker with GORE-TEX technology. It combines casual aesthetics with functional weather protection for everyday wear.
Austin Casual Shoe by Keen
The KEEN Austin casual shoes are designed with a waterproof leather upper and a moisture-wicking lining, providing all-day comfort and dryness. These shoes are versatile, suitable for both work and casual outings
Muck Boot Muckster II
The Muckster II from Muck Boot is a slip-on waterproof shoe perfect for gardening and outdoor chores. Its rubber construction and breathable lining ensure feet stay dry and comfortable, even in muddy conditions.
Waterproof Sandals & Trainers
KEEN Clearwater CNX Sandal
The KEEN Clearwater CNX sandals are lightweight and waterproof, designed for active water sports and hiking. They feature a quick-drying upper and a protective toe cap, making them perfect for wet environments.
Vivobarefoot Ultra III Bloom
Made from algae-based foam, the Ultra III Bloom by Vivobarefoot is an eco-friendly, water-ready shoe. It offers a barefoot-like feel and protection for water sports and beach activities.
KEEN Newport H2
The Newport H2 by KEEN is a rugged, waterproof sandal designed for outdoor activities. It provides excellent foot protection, traction, and comfort for both water and land use.
Waterproof Leather Boots
ECCO Grainer Leather Ankle Boot
The Grainer by ECCO is a waterproof lace-up ankle boot designed for durability and comfort, featuring the brand's waterproof technology and a slip-resistant outsole for various work environments.
ECCO Tredtray Leather Ankle Boot
Combining style and functionality, the Tredtray by ECCO is a waterproof leather ankle boot offering excellent weather protection and comfort for urban wear and light outdoor activities.
UGG Ashton Chelsea Boot
The Ashton Chelsea boot by UGG combines style with functionality. It features waterproof leather and sealed seams for protection against the elements, while the brand's signature wool lining provides warmth and comfort.